Malapuram
Malappuram District – Land of Hills and Heritage
Nestled between the Nilgiri Hills to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west, Malappuram lives up to its name, which means "land atop the hills." Blessed with scenic landscapes, the district features rolling hills, winding rivers, and a coastline lined with coconut palms. Beyond its natural charm, Malappuram is steeped in a rich and eventful history that has shaped its unique identity.
The region played a prominent role during the Khilafat Movement and the Mappila uprisings, both of which stood in defiance of British colonial rule. Historically, Malappuram was also the military base of the Zamorins of Kozhikode, one of Kerala’s most powerful dynasties. It holds a legacy of resistance and pride, with memories of the Mamankam festival, the valiant Chaver squads, and the political turbulence during British rule.
Malappuram was once under the dominion of several local rulers, including the kings of Valluvanad, the Zamorins, the Perumpadappu royal family, and the rulers of Vettathunadu. Over time, the Portuguese, the Mysorean rulers like Tipu Sultan, and later the British, all left their mark on this culturally vibrant land. The ruins of a fort built by Tipu Sultan still stand as a silent witness to this layered history.
The district is known for its cultural contributions—from folk arts and festivals to religious harmony seen in both mosques and temples. Malappuram’s temples and mosques are renowned for their vibrant festivals and community spirit. The area has been home to eminent poets, scholars, reformers, and leaders who helped shape Kerala's literary and political landscape.
Malappuram’s heritage is not just in its monuments or revolts but in the resilience and contributions of its people, who preserved a unique cultural identity through centuries of change
Malappuram – History, Heritage, and Cultural Legacy
Malappuram, once a military base for British forces, later became the headquarters of the Malabar Special Police (MSP)—a unit formed by the British in response to the intense resistance during the Khilafat Movement and the Mappila Rebellion. These uprisings, sparked by the abolition of the Islamic Caliphate in Turkey, marked a significant chapter in India's anti-colonial struggle. Anakkayam, located about 8 km from Malappuram town, was one of the major centers of the 1921 rebellion.
The district has long been a hub of Islamic philosophy and Hindu Vedic traditions, making it a cradle of Kerala’s pluralistic cultural identity.
Before Indian independence in 1947, the present-day Malappuram region was part of the Malabar District within the Madras Presidency of British India. The area was administratively divided among the taluks of Kozhikode, Ernad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani. After the formation of the state of Kerala on 1 November 1956, following the linguistic reorganization of states, this region underwent several administrative changes.
In 1957, Tirur taluk was formed by merging parts of Ernad and Ponnani. Portions of Ponnani were also attached to the newly created Chavakkad taluk, while Perinthalmanna taluk was carved out from Valluvanad. These new administrative units were then spread across Kozhikode and Palakkad districts. Eventually, in 1969, the Malappuram district was officially formed with the taluks of Ernad, Tirur, Perinthalmanna, and Ponnani. Later, Tirurangadi and Nilambur taluks were added.
Cultural Vibrancy and Literary Tradition
Malappuram has made profound contributions to Kerala’s artistic and literary landscape. The cultural renaissance in the region was significantly influenced by P. S. Varier, the founder of Arya Vaidya Sala, who pioneered the revival of Malayalam theatre. His efforts led to the founding of the Parama Siva Vilasam Dramatic Company in Kottakkal, which promoted Malayalam plays at a time when Tamil drama dominated the stage. This initiative evolved into P.S.V. Natyasangham, which now focuses on Kathakali, Kerala’s classical dance-drama. A dedicated Kathakali school operates under its patronage.
The district is known for its rich folk arts, especially within the Muslim community. Traditional performances such as Kolkali, Duffmuttu, and Aravana Muttu reflect the local cultural spirit. The vibrant Chavittukali or Cherumakkali is another traditional art form deeply rooted in the district. Njeralathu Rama Poduval, a legendary artist in Sopana Sangeetham, hailed from Angadipuram.
Malappuram is also known for its strong library movement. The Kerala Grandhasala Sangham and District Library Council have helped establish a large network of public libraries across the taluks of Ernad, Tirur, Perinthalmanna, and Ponnani.
The district’s literary tradition can be traced back to Thunchath Ezhuthachan, revered as the father of modern Malayalam literature. Born in Trikkandiyur near Tirur about 400 years ago, Ezhuthachan transformed the Malayalam literary world by writing in the language of the people, breaking away from the Sanskrit-dominated literary norms of his time. His versions of the Ramayanam and Bharatham continue to be recited with reverence in Malayali households.
Kottakkal – The Heart of Ayurveda and Culture
Kottakkal, located just 12 kilometers west of Malappuram, is globally recognized as a leading center for Ayurveda, India's traditional system of medicine. The town owes much of its fame to the Arya Vaidya Sala, founded over a century ago by P.S. Varier, a visionary physician and reformer. This renowned institution continues to attract patients from across India and around the world seeking authentic Ayurvedic treatment.
In addition to healthcare, Arya Vaidya Sala is deeply committed to the promotion of art and culture. Under its patronage, the P.S.V. Natyasangham was established—a respected cultural institution known especially for Kathakali, Kerala’s classical dance-drama. The Natyasangham also runs a dedicated Kathakali School, keeping this ancient art alive for future generations.
Close to Arya Vaidya Sala stands the Venkata Theva Temple, a site famous for its mural paintings—beautiful examples of Kerala’s traditional temple art. Another major cultural highlight is the Kottakkal Pooram, a vibrant temple festival that draws thousands of visitors each year. Cultural enthusiasts from across the country attend the art, music, and literary gatherings held as part of the Pooram celebrations.
To mark the Founder’s Day of Arya Vaidya Sala, annual seminars and discussions on Ayurveda and related medical sciences are held, often featuring participation from international scholars and experts.
A valuable feature of Arya Vaidya Sala is its well-maintained medicinal herb garden, housing a diverse collection of healing plants, making it a unique resource for Ayurvedic research and learning.
The town is also home to an Ayurveda College, and notably, it houses Kerala’s only government-run Ayurvedic Mental Health Hospital, further reinforcing Kottakkal’s role in holistic healthcare.
Connectivity is another advantage—National Highway 17 passes through Kottakkal, ensuring easy access. It is just 13 km from Calicut International Airport and 16 km from Tirur Railway Station.
Not far from Kottakkal lies the Kadampuzha Devi Temple, a prominent pilgrimage site where devotees offer dry coconut to seek blessings and overcome life’s difficulties. The temple draws pilgrims from all over Kerala and beyond.
Located just 4 km from Nilambur town on the Nilambur–Gudallur road lies the world’s first Teak Museum, a unique center managed as a sub-unit of the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI). Dedicated entirely to teak, this two-storeyed museum offers rich insights into the historic, scientific, and aesthetic significance of this majestic hardwood. Visitors can explore detailed exhibits that highlight teak’s ecological value, its historical relevance in Kerala, and its role in forest conservation.
Around 18 km from Nilambur, nestled deep in the Western Ghats, is Nedumkayam, known for its pristine rainforests. The scenic charm of the region is complemented by a colonial-era wooden rest house, offering views of wild elephants, deer, and other wildlife. Nedumkayam is also home to an elephant training center, reflecting the area’s close bond with forest life. A thrilling jeep ride through dense jungle routes from here takes visitors to Mancheri, the settlement of the Chola Naickars, one of the most ancient and primitive tribal communities in Kerala.
Further away, about 27 km from Nilambur, lies Valamthode, a serene hill destination across the Chaliyar River. The area features a picturesque waterfall that flows perennially, surrounded by dense greenery and tribal hamlets. Valamthode can be accessed via the Areekode–Mukkam Road through Kozhikode district.
Nilambur is also noted for its historical Kovilakams—traditional royal residences of the local Rajas. These structures are rich in wooden carvings and mural paintings, preserving the artistic legacy of the region. The town also houses the offices of the Nilambur North and South Forest Divisions, and serves as the terminus of the Shoranur–Nilambur railway line. Nilambur is located around 40 km from Malappuram town and is a notable gateway for forest and cultural tourism in Kerala.
Valiya Juma Masjid, Malappuram
The Valiya Juma Masjid in Malappuram is a significant pilgrimage site for Kerala’s Muslim community. Known for its historical and spiritual relevance, this mosque hosts an annual four-day festival (nercha) in April, drawing thousands of devotees. Adjacent to the mosque is the mausoleum of the Malappuram Shaheeds (martyrs), who are celebrated in the legendary Mappila ballads for their valiant resistance and sacrifice. This site continues to be a symbol of faith, heritage, and collective memory for the people of the region.
Pazhayangadi Mosque, Kondotty
Located about 18 km east of Manjeri, on the route to Malappuram, the Pazhayangadi Mosque is an important spiritual destination with a legacy of over 500 years. The mosque is well-known for the Valiya Nercha, a vibrant three-day festival held annually in February or March. It is not just a religious observance but also a significant cultural celebration that brings together communities. Kondotty is also the birthplace of Moyinkutty Vaidyar, the legendary poet of Mappila Pattu (Muslim folk songs). His famous romantic work Badarul Muneer – Husnul Jamal remains a literary gem admired for its poetic excellence.
Adyanpara Waterfalls
Just 10 km from Nilambur, Adyanpara is an emerging eco-tourism destination nestled in the lap of nature. Surrounded by thick forests and undulating terrain, the Adyanpara Waterfalls offer a refreshing experience, especially for trekking enthusiasts and nature lovers. The cascading waters and unspoiled landscape make this an ideal getaway for those seeking tranquility and adventure alike.
Nilambur – Land of Teak and Tranquility
Nestled along the banks of the Chaliyar River, Nilambur is renowned as the cradle of teak cultivation in the world. Just 2 kilometers from the town, the famous Conolly’s Plot holds the distinction of being the oldest teak plantation globally. It was named after H.V. Conolly, the visionary British Collector of Malabar, who pioneered systematic teak planting in the region during colonial times.
The mission was brought to life by Sir Chathu Menon, a dedicated forest officer who tirelessly organized the plantation efforts. In a fitting tribute to his contributions, Chathu Menon was laid to rest within the tranquil expanse of the teak garden itself.
Spanning 2.31 hectares, the plantation lies at Aruvakkode, where the Chaliyar gently flows past, and a country boat ferry adds a rustic charm for visiting tourists. Surrounded by lush greenery and echoing with the sounds of nature, Nilambur is not just a destination, but a journey into the rich legacy of Kerala’s forest heritage.
Manjeri: Cradle of Resistance and Heritage
Situated about 12 km northeast of Malappuram town, Manjeri serves as the administrative headquarters of the Eranad Taluk. Steeped in history, Manjeri has long been a hub of political and cultural significance. The Manjeri Kovilakam, once the seat of the royal family under the Zamorins of Kozhikode, played a pivotal role in regional governance and heritage.
During India’s freedom movement, Manjeri emerged as a vibrant centre of nationalist activity. As early as 1790, the region witnessed local uprisings against British rule, with nearby Anakkayam (just 2 km away) becoming a prominent site during the 1921 Malabar Rebellion. Today, Manjeri houses vital public institutions such as the District Hospital, District Court, and offices including the District Medical Office and PWD Roads Division, reflecting its continuing civic importance.
Malappuram: A Hilltop Legacy of Valor and Administration
Malappuram, the district headquarters, lies 26 km southeast of Calicut International Airport and 28 km northeast of Tirur railway station. Historically, it served as a strategic military post during ancient and colonial periods. The Zamorins of Kozhikode maintained military outposts here, with Para Nambi, a key chieftain, administering from his base at Kottappady.
The region’s valiant legacy is remembered through Malappuram Nercha, a festival held in summer to commemorate martyrs who resisted militia atrocities. During the British era, the Haig Barracks were built atop the hills beside the Kadalundi River, later transformed into government offices, including the district collectorate.
Malappuram is also home to the Malabar Special Police, instituted in 1921, whose origin lies in the turbulent period of the rebellion. Nearby Pookkottur gained notoriety during the same uprising when Mappila warriors, armed only with traditional weapons, clashed with British troops and were massacred.
Panakkad, just 6 km from Malappuram, is a notable spiritual center for Kerala’s Muslim community. Another unique landmark is Poonkudi Mana, located between Anakkayam and Manakada, renowned for its traditional Ayurvedic approach to treating mental health. The Poonkudi Thalappoli festival reflects its cultural richness, blending spiritual healing with temple rituals.
Tirunnavaya: Land of Mamankam and Sacred Riverbanks
South of Tirur, on the serene banks of the Bharathapuzha River, lies the historically revered village of Tirunnavaya—the ancient venue of Mamankam, one of Kerala’s most prestigious medieval festivals. Held once every 12 years, Mamankam was a grand assembly of kings and nobles, where political power and economic prowess converged. Merchants from distant lands docked their ships at Ponnani Port to participate in this bustling trade fair and cultural spectacle.
Historically, the Vellattiri Raja of Valluvanad controlled the festival, until the Zamorin of Kozhikode seized power, leading to generations of warfare. Chaver warriors, sent by the Valluvanad Raja, heroically attempted to reclaim control by attacking the Zamorin at the Nilapadu Thara, a stone platform now preserved near Kottakkal Tile Factory.
Tirunnavaya is also a spiritually significant place where the three aspects of the Hindu Trinity—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva—are worshipped in separate temples along the Bharathapuzha’s banks. The Navamukunda Temple, believed to have been established by nine sages (Navayogis), is a renowned Vishnu shrine. Rituals like Pithru Tharpanam and Bali Karma are conducted here during the Karkidaka Amavasi, where devotees honor their ancestors.
Culturally vibrant, Tirunnavaya hosts annual Kalaripayattu martial arts displays on the riverside sands and the Sarvodaya Mela in February, a Gandhian gathering at Santhikudeeram, established by freedom fighter K. Kelappan.
Natural Wealth of Malappuram: Rivers and Forests
Rivers of Life
Malappuram is blessed with four major rivers that shape its geography and culture:
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Chaliyar River (169 km) originates in the Illambaleri Hills (Tamil Nadu) and passes through Nilambur, Areekode, and Vazhakkad before joining the sea at Beypore.
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Kadalundippuzha is formed by the union of Olipuzha and Veliyar, winding through Silent Valley's outskirts and Eranad and Valluvanad regions before meeting the sea at Kadalundi Nagaram.
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Bharathapuzha, Kerala's second longest river, touches the southern district border. It re-enters the district at Tiruvegappura and flows completely within Malappuram from Kuttippuram onwards.
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Tirurpuzha, a 48 km river, loops around Tirur town before merging with Bharathapuzha near Ponnani.
Among these, only Chaliyar is perennial; others often dry up in summer, causing seasonal droughts. Backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyancode, Manur, and Kodinhi enhance the biodiversity and support local livelihoods through fishing and navigation.
Forests and Biodiversity: Malappuram’s Green Legacy
The lush forest belts in Nilambur, Vandoor, and Melattur in the Western Ghats host a rich variety of flora and fauna. Nearly 80% of the forests are deciduous, featuring timber species like Teak, Rosewood, Mahogany, and Venteak, alongside bamboo groves and plantations of Kulamavu and pine.
These forests support diverse wildlife, including elephants, tigers, deer, bears, wild boars, rabbits, and exotic birds and reptiles. The region is vital for Kerala’s timber and pulp industries, especially bamboo from Nilambur. Non-timber forest products like honey, medicinal herbs, and spices are also collected by local tribal communities.
The forests fall under two divisions—Nilambur North and South—with a Social Forestry Division promoting conservation and afforestation. A significant 50-acre mangrove forest thrives at Kadalundi Estuary in Vallikkunnu panchayat, preserving coastal ecology.
Minerals and Resources
Though not mineral-rich, Malappuram has valuable laterite stone deposits widely used for construction. Hundreds of laterite quarries (vettukallu) provide livelihoods across the midlands. The term "Laterite" was coined by Dr. Francis Buchanan in 1800 during his studies at Angadipuram.
Lime shell deposits occur in coastal belts like Ponnani and Kadalundi Nagaram. Coastal sands of Ponnani and Veliyancode contain ilmenite and monazite, while china clay, vital for porcelain manufacture, is abundant in many areas.
Iron ore in the form of magnetite quartzite is found in Nilambur, Vaniyambalam, Kalikavu, and Chembrassery. The name Karuvarakundu hints at its ancient blacksmithing heritage. Additionally, Nilambur Valley lies within the Wayanad Goldfields, with placer gold found in zones like Pandippuzha-Chiyarpuzha and Punnapuzha-Maruthappuzha.
