Kottayam

Kottayam: Land of Letters, Legends, Latex, and Lakes

Nestled between the scenic backwaters of western Kerala and the towering Western Ghats to the east, Kottayam stands as one of the most culturally vibrant and geographically diverse districts of the state. The district headquarters, Kottayam town, is affectionately known as “Akshara Nagari” or the “City of Letters”, a title that reflects its pioneering role in literacy, publishing, and print media in Kerala.

The origin of the name "Kottayam" is believed to stem from the Malayalam words “kotta” (fort) and “akam” (inside), together signifying “inside the fort”. Historically, the region was ruled by the Thekkumkoor Raja, who established a fortress known as Thaliyil Kotta at Kunnumpuram, the hilltop around which the early settlement of Kottayam developed. Over time, this fortified village, referred to as “Kottaykkakam” (the interior of the fort), evolved into the modern name, Kottayam.

Today, Kottayam is a major commercial hub, especially renowned for the cultivation and trade of natural rubber. The district’s vast, neatly maintained rubber plantations contribute significantly to India’s rubber production. The Rubber Board of India, a national-level institution for the development of the rubber industry, is also headquartered in Kottayam, underlining its prominence in the sector.

Geographically, Kottayam showcases a rich mosaic of landscapes. To the west lie the picturesque backwaters and fertile paddy fields of Kuttanad, while the east is lined by the rugged terrain of the Western Ghats. This unique combination creates a blend of hill stations, plantations, inland waterways, and cultural villages, making the district a treasure trove for both nature lovers and cultural enthusiasts.

Kottayam’s fame as the Land of Letters is also tied to its historical role in the educational and publishing revolution of Kerala. It was here that Malayalam printing took its first major strides, with institutions like the CMS Press playing a key role in introducing modern publishing. The city is also the first district in India to achieve 100% literacy, a feat that continues to reflect its emphasis on education and intellectual growth.

Besides its educational and economic contributions, Kottayam is steeped in myth and tradition. Numerous temples, churches, and heritage centers add to its spiritual charm. The district is also the gateway to some of Kerala’s most sacred pilgrim destinations, including Sabarimala, which is accessed through nearby Erumeli.

In essence, Kottayam is much more than just a district—it is a symbol of Kerala’s literary pride, agrarian strength, cultural richness, and natural beauty. No wonder it is often described with the poetic alliteration: “Land of Letters, Legends, Latex, and Lakes.”

Religious Heritage of Kottayam

Kottayam is a district that exemplifies religious harmony and spiritual diversity. It is home to ancient Hindu temples, historic Christian churches, and revered Muslim mosques, many of which are centuries old and attract pilgrims from all over Kerala and beyond. The district’s vibrant festivals, spiritual traditions, and architectural wonders make it a notable destination for religious tourism.

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Hindu Temples

Thirunakkara Mahadeva Temple
Located in the heart of Kottayam town, this ancient Shiva temple is a cultural and spiritual landmark. Its annual festival held in March-April (Meenam) features caparisoned elephants and traditional art forms like Kathakali and Nadaswaram.

Kumaranelloor Karthyayani Devi Temple
About 6 km from Kottayam, this temple is famous for Trikarthika, a festival celebrated with Karthika Vilakku, a grand display of lights during November–December (Vrischikam).

Pallippurathu Kavu
Dedicated to the Goddess (Devi), this temple in southern Kottayam celebrates Kumbhakuda Mahotsavam during Pathamudayam (April), featuring rituals like Garudan Thookkam.

Panachikkad Saraswathy Temple
Often referred to as the Dakshina Mookambika, this temple is famous for Navaratri celebrations, especially Saraswathi Pooja and Vijayadashami, when children are initiated into learning.

Thiruvarpu Krishna Temple
Located 6 km from Kottayam, this temple is known for its early morning poojas and offerings like Usha Payasam. The annual ten-day festival in April features unique rituals like Vilakkeduppu.

Kidangoor Subrahmanya Swamy Temple
Situated 25 km from Kottayam, this temple is famous for monthly Shashti poojas and its 10-day annual festival in Kumbham (Feb–Mar).

Perunnai Subrahmanya Temple (Changanacherry)
Located 20 km south of Kottayam, the temple hosts a prominent 10-day festival in Dhanu (Dec–Jan) and draws large crowds during Shashti.

Other notable temples:

• Ramapuram Sree Rama Temple

• Kadappattur Mahadeva Temple

• Vazhappalli Mahadeva Temple

• Udayanapuram Subrahmanya Temple

Valiya Palli

Christian Churches

Kottayam Valiyapally (Syrian Knanaya Church)
Built in 1550 AD, this is one of the oldest Christian churches in Kerala, founded by Syrian Knanaya Christians who migrated in 345 AD. It is a spiritual center for Knanaya Christians.

Good Shepherd Church, Kottayam
Built in 1882 and renovated in 1964, this beautiful Italian-style church is the first church of the Diocese of Vijayapuram. Major feasts:

• St. Sebastian (January 20)

• Good Shepherd (April 10–12)

St. George’s Church, Aruvithura
Located 35 km from Kottayam, this historic church is believed to have been founded by St. Thomas the Apostle. The annual feast is held from April 23–25.

St. Mary’s Church, Manarcad
Famous for the Ettu Noyambu (8-day fast) beginning on September 1, this major pilgrimage center sees devotees staying in the church premises during the entire retreat.

Puthupally St. George Orthodox Church (Puthupally Pally)
A historic and culturally significant church with a large festival held in May, attracting thousands of devotees. The "Vechoottu" (mass meal) and fireworks are highlights.

St. Mary’s Church, Athirampuzha
This ancient church, founded around 1080 AD, is known for the feast of St. Sebastian, marked by fireworks and traditional rituals. The “Adiyelpicha Roopam” statue is a rare religious icon.

Valiyapally, Palai
Built in 1002 AD, this church is dedicated to St. Thomas and hosts the important festival Rakkulithirunal on January 6.

Bharananganam Church
Famous as the final resting place of Saint Alphonsa, the first female saint of India. The church is visited by thousands on her death anniversary, July 28.

St. Joseph’s Church, Mannanam
The resting place of Blessed Chavara Kuriakose Elias, a revered Catholic reformer and saint. This is an important pilgrimage site for the Christian community.

Vimalagiri Cathedral, Kottayam
Also called Ankathattu Palli, this Gothic-style cathedral has the tallest church tower in Kerala (172 feet). The main feast is celebrated in December.

Cheriya Pally, Kottayam
Built in 1579, this church shows a blend of Hindu temple and Portuguese architecture, reflecting Kerala's cultural synthesis.

Muslim Mosques

Erumeli Vavar Mosque
Located on the Sabarimala pilgrimage route, this mosque is dedicated to Vavar, a companion of Lord Ayyappa. The Chandanakkudam festival in January coincides with Makaravilakku and features colorful processions with elephants and percussion.

Pazhaya Palli and Puthur Palli, Changanacherry
These two mosques—one over 1000 years old—reflect religious harmony, as they are located near Hindu temples and churches. The Chandanakkudam festival is celebrated by people of all faiths.

Erattupetta Mosque
Another notable mosque known for its Chandanakkudam procession, which draws large interfaith crowds.

Thazhathangadi Juma Masjid
Situated on the banks of Meenachil River, this is one of the oldest mosques in India, believed to have been established over 1000 years ago by Malik Dinar. It is an architectural treasure and a revered spiritual site.